| Cases |
Controls |
Cohort |
Ancestry |
| 252 |
1,590 |
BioMe™ BioBank Program (BioMe)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D (status as defined by algorithm)
|
- No T2D (status as defined by algorithm)
|
|
White European |
| 11,448 |
278,375 |
deCODE genetics (deCODE)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D diagnosis is based on diagnostic fasting glucose or HbA1c levels, hospital discharge diagnosis, use of oral diabetes medication or self report
|
- Controls are individuals in the deCODE database with no information indicative of T2D
|
|
White European |
| 677 |
697 |
Diabetes Gene Discovery Group (DGDG)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D was diagnosed in hospital using medical history of HbA1c and fasting glucose
|
- No self-reported use of medication to treat diabetes and fasting or non-fasting glucose < 7.0 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 1,021 |
1,063 |
Diabetes Genetics (DGI)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Patients with T2D were classified according to WHO (1999) criteria with fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or a 2 hr glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
- To avoid admixture with type 1 diabetes, patients had an age at onset > 35 years and no detectable glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD Ab)
- Members from families with carriers of mutations causing maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY; HNF4A, GCK, TCF1, IPF1, TCF2) were excluded, except for Skara where no screening for MODY mutations had been performed.
|
- Control subjects were defined as normal glucose tolerant, with fasting plasma glucose < 6.1 mmol/l and 2 hr glucose < 7.8 mmol/l and age within 5 years of the age at onset of the patients with T2D
- 2097 unrelated T2D cases and controls were matched by gender, age, BMI and place of origin
- The Finnish cohort consisted largely of patients from the Botnia study on the west coast of Finland with a smaller sample from other regions of Finland
- The Swedish cohort consisted of patients from Southern Sweden and Skara
- Controls had no first degree relatives with T2D.
|
|
White European |
| 79 |
4,507 |
Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT_ExomeCore)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
|
|
- Population based controls with fasting glucose < 7 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 150 |
1,893 |
Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT_Human370CNV)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
|
|
- Population based controls with fasting glucose < 7 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 673 |
6,646 |
Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT_OmniExpress)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
|
|
- Population based controls with fasting glucose < 7 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 1,138 |
7,153 |
Framingham Heart Study (FHS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- On treatment or fasting glucose ≥ 7 (when available) or casual glucose ≥ 11.1
- In original cohort, when fasting glucose not avaialble, T2D = casual glucose > 11.1 or T2D med
|
- Not on T2D med and fasting glucose < 7 mmol/l and 2 hour glucose < 11.1 and HbA1c ≤ 6.5
|
|
White European |
| 1,045 |
1,164 |
Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- WHO 1999 criteria of FG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or reported diabetes medication use or based on medical record review
- No known or probable type 1 diabetes among first degree relatives
- Excluded if insulin treatment inititated within 10 years of disease diagnosis, detectable levels of anti-GAD antibodies and fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.30 nmol/l
- Excluded if insulin treatment inititiated within 4 years of diagnosis and fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.30 nmol/l
|
- NGT as defined by WHO 1999 criteria
|
|
White European |
| 1,778 |
3,256 |
German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Antidiabetic medication (ATC code A10*) or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
|
- Not fulfilling case criteria
|
|
White European |
| 144 |
1,116 |
Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriosclerosis (GENOA)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Use of T2D medications or fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l
|
- No self-reported T2D, not taking T2D medications, and fasting glucose < 6.1 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 6,961 |
13,922 |
Resource for Genetic Epidemiology on Adult Health and Aging (GERA)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- ICD-9 codes in linked electronic medical health records
|
|
|
White European |
| 2,993 |
2,641 |
Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research in Tayside Scotland (GoDARTS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Patients with T2D were identified from electronic medical records [PMCID:2127363]
|
- Population based non-diabetic controls from the WTCCC2 (NBS and 58C) were used
|
|
White European |
| 412 |
390 |
GoMAP (Genetic Overlap between Metabolic and Psychiatric traits) & TEENAGE (TEENs of Attica: Genes and Environment) (GoMAP-TEENAGE)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Previous diagnosis of T2D with or without psychiatric disease
|
- Adolescent students from Athens, Greece (prospective cohort study)
|
|
White European |
| 1,094 |
1,259 |
Health Professional Follow-Up Study (HPFS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Type 2 diabetes cases were defined as self-reported diabetes confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire
- For cases before 1998, we used the National Diabetes Data Group criteria to define type 2 diabetes
- We used the American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes diagnosis from 1998 onward
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes at the time of diagnosis for case subjects and remaining unaffected through follow-up (until 2006)
- We matched the case subjects to nondiabetic control subjects on age, month and year of blood draw, and fasting status in NHS and HPFS, respectively
|
|
White European |
| 5,125 |
7,275 |
InterAct Consortium (INTERACT_coreexome)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- All individuals in InterAct were free of known diabetes at baseline
- Ascertainment of incident T2D involved a review of existing EPIC datasets at each centre using multiple sources of evidence including self-report (self reported history of T2D, doctor diagnosed T2D, diabetes drug use), linkage to primary care registers, secondary care registers, medication use (drug registers), hospital admissions and mortality data
- Information from any follow-up visit or external evidence with a date later than the baseline visit was used
- Cases in Denmark and Sweden were not ascertained by self-report, but identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers and hence all ascertained cases were considered to be verified
- For centres other than those from Denmark and Sweden, we sought further evidence for all cases with information on incident T2D from no fewer than 2 independent sources, including individual medical records review in some centres
|
- Diabetes-free individuals from the subcohort which was randomly selected from those with available stored blood and buffy coat
|
|
White European |
| 4,190 |
4,257 |
InterAct Consortium (INTERACT_GWAS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- All individuals in InterAct were free of known diabetes at baseline
- Ascertainment of incident T2D involved a review of existing EPIC datasets at each centre using multiple sources of evidence including self-report (self reported history of T2D, doctor diagnosed T2D, diabetes drug use), linkage to primary care registers, secondary care registers, medication use (drug registers), hospital admissions and mortality data
- Information from any follow-up visit or external evidence with a date later than the baseline visit was used
- Cases in Denmark and Sweden were not ascertained by self-report, but identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers and hence all ascertained cases were considered to be verified
- For centres other than those from Denmark and Sweden, we sought further evidence for all cases with information on incident T2D from no fewer than 2 independent sources, including individual medical records review in some centres
|
- Diabetes-free individuals from the subcohort which was randomly selected from those with available stored blood and buffy coat
|
|
White European |
| 1,084 |
2,852 |
KORAgen Study Helmholtz zentrum München (KORA)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
|
|
- Not on T2D med and fasting glucose < 7 mmol/l.
|
|
White European |
| 174 |
2,493 |
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Known diabetes or fasting whole-blood glucose > 7 mmol/l
|
- No self-reported use of medication to treat diabetes and fasting glucose < 7.0 mmol/l
|
|
White European |
| 1,350 |
5,178 |
METabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- WHO 1999 criteria of fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or reported diabetes medication use or based on medical record review
- No known or probable type 1 diabetes among first degree relatives
- Excluded if insulin treatment inititated within 10 years of disease diagnosis, detectable levels of anti-GAD antibodies and fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.30 nmol/l
- excluded if insulin treatment inititiated within 4 years of diagnosis and fasting C-peptide ≤ 0.30 nmol/l
|
- NGT as defined by WHO 1999 criteria
|
|
White European |
| 1,987 |
14,906 |
Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- EHR-derived ICD-9 codes: 250.00,250.02,250.20,250.22,250.30,250.32,250.80,250.82,250.90,250.92
|
- ICD-9 exclude range 249-250.99
|
|
European |
| 1,453 |
1,731 |
Nurses' Health Study (NHS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Type 2 diabetes cases were defined as self-reported diabetes confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire
- For cases before 1998, we used the National Diabetes Data Group criteria to define type 2 diabetes
- We used the American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes diagnosis from 1998 onward
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes at the time of diagnosis for case subjects and remaining unaffected through follow-up (until 2006)
- We matched the case subjects to nondiabetic control subjects on age, month and year of blood draw, and fasting status in NHS and HPFS, respectively
|
|
White European |
| 521 |
600 |
NUgene Project (NUGENE)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Include patients with Type 2 Diabetes diagnosis based on ICD9 codes (excluding those with ketoacidosis codes)
- Exclude patients (currently) treated only with insulin AND have never been on a type 2 diabetes medication, and: diagnosed with T1DM, or even if not diagnosed with T1DM, diagnosed with T2DM on < 2 dates in an encounter or problem list
- Also include patients with hemoglobin A1C lab value ≥ 6.5%, fasting glucose > 125 mg/dl or random glucose > 200 mg/dl AND prescribed T2D medication
|
- At least two clinic visits with no ICD-9 code for T2D, T1D or diabetes-related condition
- Not been described treatment for diabetes, no reported blood glucose ≥ 110mg/dl from at least one glucose measurement
- No reported HbA1c ≥ 6.0%
- No family history of T1D or T2D
|
|
White European |
| 111 |
838 |
Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Known T2D or fasting whole blood glucose >> 6.1
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
White European |
| 802 |
4,385 |
PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D was defined as having known diabetes mellitus or fasting blood glucose > 7 mmol/L
|
- Control subjects were those free of prevalent or incident diabetes
|
|
White European |
| 477 |
3,051 |
Rotterdam Study (RS1)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D cases were ascertained through active follow-up using general practitioners’ records, hospital discharge letters and glucose measurements from the Rotterdam Study visits
- According to the WHO guidelines, type 2 diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L, or the use of blood-glucose-lowering medication
- Information regarding the use of blood-glucose lowering medication was derived from both structured home interviews and linkage to pharmacy records
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
Caucasian |
| 275 |
1,877 |
Rotterdam Study (RS2)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D cases were ascertained through active follow-up using general practitioners’ records, hospital discharge letters and glucose measurements from the Rotterdam Study visits
- According to the WHO guidelines, type 2 diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L, or the use of blood-glucose-lowering medication
- Information regarding the use of blood-glucose lowering medication was derived from both structured home interviews and linkage to pharmacy records
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
Caucasian |
| 281 |
2,746 |
Rotterdam Study (RS3)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D cases were ascertained through active follow-up using general practitioners’ records, hospital discharge letters and glucose measurements from the Rotterdam Study visits
- According to the WHO guidelines, type 2 diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L, or the use of blood-glucose-lowering medication
- Information regarding the use of blood-glucose lowering medication was derived from both structured home interviews and linkage to pharmacy records
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
Caucasian |
| 19,119 |
423,698 |
UK BioBank
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Prevalent T2D status was defined using self-reported medical history and medication in UK Biobank participants
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
White European |
| 166 |
953 |
Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- Hospital discharge register-defined diabetes before 2002
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
White European |
| 5,220 |
18,556 |
Danish T2D case-control study (UPCH)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D was defined based on self-report, anti-diabetic treatment, fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol/L or 2-hr plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L
|
- Control subjects were based on fasting plasma glucose > 6.1 mmol/L and, if measured, 2 hr plasma glucose > 7.8 mmol/L
|
|
White European |
| 1,924 |
2,938 |
Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium (WTCCC)
| Case selection criteria |
Control selection criteria |
- T2D was defined as current prescribed treatment with sulphonylureas, biguanides, other oral agents and/or insulin or in the case of individuals treated with diet alone, historical or contemporary laboratory evidence of hyperglycemia
|
- Control subjects were defined as those free of diabetes
|
|
White European |
